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<title>Forced induction</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Forced induction</span></span>

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<p>In an <a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, <b>forced induction</b> is where <a href="Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharging</a> or <a href="Supercharger" title="Supercharger">supercharging</a> is used to increase the density of the intake air. Engines without forced induction are classified as <a href="Naturally_aspirated_engine" title="Naturally aspirated engine">naturally aspirated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_principle">Operating principle</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div>

<p>Forced induction is often used to increase the power output of an engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorries2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorries2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is achieved by compressing the intake air, to increase the mass of the air-fuel mixture present within the <a href="Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>. A naturally aspirated engine is limited to a maximum intake air pressure equal to its <a href="Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">surrounding atmosphere</a>; however a forced induction engine produces "boost",<sup id="cite_ref-Magazines1982_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magazines1982-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby the air pressure is higher than the surrounding atmosphere. Since the density of air increases with pressure, this allows a greater mass of air to enter the combustion chamber.

</p><p>Theoretically, the vapour power cycle analysis of the second law of thermodynamics would suggest that increasing the <a href="Mean_effective_pressure" title="Mean effective pressure">mean effective pressure</a> within the combustion chamber would also increase the engine's <a href="Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thermodynamics1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermodynamics1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, considerations (such as cooling the combustion chamber, preventing <a href="Engine_knock" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine knock">engine knock</a> and limiting <a href="NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a> exhaust emissions) can mean that forced induction engines are not always more fuel efficient, particularly in the case of high-performance engines.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diesel_engines">Diesel engines</h3></div>

<p>Four-stroke <a href="Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> are well suited to forced induction, since the lack of fuel in the intake air means that higher <a href="Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratios</a> can be used without a risk of pre-ignition. Therefore, the use of turbochargers on diesel engines is relatively commonplace.

</p><p>Two-stroke diesel engines have a significantly different operating principle to two-stroke petrol engines, and require some form of forced induction - generally a supercharger - in order to function.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_altitude_uses">High altitude uses</h3></div>

<p>A reduced density of intake air is caused by the loss of atmospheric density seen with elevated altitudes. Therefore, an early use of forced induction was in aircraft engines. At 18,000 feet (5,500 m), the air is at half the pressure of sea level, which means that an engine without forced induction would produce less than half the power at this altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-knuteson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knuteson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced induction is used to artificially increase the density of the intake air, in order to reduce the loss of power at higher altitudes.

</p><p>Systems that use a turbocharger to maintain an engine's sea-level power output are called "turbo-normalized" systems. Generally, a turbo-normalized system attempts to maintain a manifold pressure of 29.5 inHg (100 kPa).<sup id="cite_ref-knuteson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knuteson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_compressors">Types of compressors</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a> and <a href="Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></div>

<p>The most commonly used forced-induction devices are turbochargers and superchargers. A turbocharger drives its compressor using a <a href="Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> powered by the flow of exhaust gases, whereas a supercharger is mechanically powered by the engine (usually using a belt from the engine's crankshaft).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_technologies">Associated technologies</h2></div>

<p><a href="Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooling</a> is often used to reduce the temperature of the intake air after it is compressed. Another less commonly used method is <a href="Water_injection_(engine)" title="Water injection (engine)">water injection</a> (or methanol injection).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gearpatrol.com/cars/a78206/how-forced-induction-works/">"How Forced Induction Works"</a>. <i>www.gearpatrol.com</i>. 23 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030062217/https://www.gearpatrol.com/cars/a78206/how-forced-induction-works/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Dorries2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorries2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElisabeth_H._Dorries2004" class="citation book cs1">Elisabeth H. Dorries (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsYFA0skuZ8C&pg=PA106"><i>TechOne: Automotive Engine Repair</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 106. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-4018-5941-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Magazines1982-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magazines1982_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Fuller1982" class="citation journal cs1">Don Fuller (December 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9kDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75">"Turbocharging - This time it's here to stay"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. Hearst Magazines: Page 75, 109. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Thermodynamics1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thermodynamics1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCengle,_Y.A.Boles,_M.A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Cengle, Y.A.; Boles, M.A. (2008). <i>Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach</i> (6th ed.). New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill. pp. 70, 590.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-knuteson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knuteson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knuteson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnuteson" class="citation journal cs1">Knuteson, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617094358/http://www.kellyaerospace.com/articles/Turbocharging.pdf">"Boosting Your Knowledge of Turbocharging"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aircraft Maintenance Technology</i> (July 1999). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kellyaerospace.com/articles/Turbocharging.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li>

<li><a href="Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li>

<li><a href="Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br> <a href="Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li>

<li><a href="Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li>

<li><a href="Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li>

<li><a href="Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li>

<li><a href="Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li>

<li><a href="MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li>

<li><a href="Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li>

<li><a href="Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li>

<li><a href="Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3ACars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-12-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Forced_induction&oldid=1262254788">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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